Technique F2:Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 due to using changes in text presentation to convey information without using the appropriate markup or text

Example 1: Using CSS to style the p element to look like a heading

The author intended to make a heading but didn't want the look of the default HTML heading. So they used CSS to style the P element to look like a heading and they called it a heading. But they failed to use the proper HTML heading element. Therefore, the Assisitive Technology could not distinguish it as a heading.

 <style type="text/css">
 .heading1{
        font-family: Times, serif;
        font-size:200%;
        font-weight:bold;
 }
 </style>

 <p class="heading1">Introduction</p>
 <p>This introduction provides detailed information about how to use this 
 ........
 </p>

Example 2: Images of text used as headings where the images are not marked up with heading tags

Chapter1.gif is an image of the words, "Chapter One" in a Garamond font sized at 20 pixels. This is a failure because at a minimum the img element should be enclosed within a header element. A better solution would be to eliminate the image and to enclose the text within a header element which has been styled using CSS.

<img src="Chapter1.gif" alt="Chapter One">
 
<p>Once upon a time in the land of the Web.....
</p>

Example 3: Using CSS to visually emphasize a phrase or word without conveying that emphasis semantically

The following example fails because the information conveyed by using the CSS font-weight property to change to a bold font is not conveyed through semantic markup or stated explicitly in the text.

Here is a CSS class to specify bold:

.yell {
  font-weight:bold;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

And here is the corresponding HTML:

<p>
 "I said, <span class="yell">no</span>, not before dinner!", 
 was the exasperated response when Timmy asked his mother for the 
 fourth time for an ice cream cone. 
 </p>